Current U.S. Supreme Court Justices History

The United States Supreme Court—often referred to as SCOTUS—was established in 1789 by Article Three of the United States Constitution. As the highest U.S. federal court, the Supreme Court has discretionary appellate jurisdiction to hear and rule on cases decided by all lower federal courts and state court cases that involve federal law, as well as original jurisdiction over a smaller range of cases. In the U.S. legal system, the Supreme Court is the highest and final interpreter of federal laws, including the Constitution itself. Under federal law, the full Court consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices who are all nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. Once seated, Supreme Court justices serve for life unless they retire, resign, or are removed after being impeached by Congress. Why Nine Justices? The Constitution did not and still does not specify the number of Supreme Court justices. The Judiciary Act of 1789 set the number at six. As the nation expanded westward, Congress added justices as needed to deal with cases from the growing number of judicial circuits; from seven in 1807 to nine in 1837 and to  ten in 1863. In 1866, Congress—at the request of Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase—passed an act stipulating that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced, thus reducing the number of justices back to seven. By 1867, two of the three justices had retired, but in 1869, Congress passed the Circuit Judges Act setting the number of justices to nine, where it remains today. The same 1869 law created the provision under which all federal judges continue to receive their full salaries after retiring. In 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed a substantial and controversial enlargement of the Supreme Court. His plan would have added one new justice for every existing justice who reached the age of 70 years and 6 months and refused to retire, up to a maximum of 15 justices. Roosevelt claimed he wanted to ease the stress of the Court’s growing docket on elderly justices, but critics saw it as a way for him to load the Court with justices sympathetic to his Great Depression-busting New Deal program. Calling it Roosevelt’s â€Å"court-packing plan,† Congress rejected the proposal. Nevertheless, having been elected years before the adoption of the presidential term-limiting 22nd Amendment, Roosevelt would go on to appoint seven justices during his 12 years in office. Current Supreme Court Justices The table below shows the current Justices of the Supreme Court. Justice Appointed In Appointed By At Age John G; Roberts(Chief Justice) 2005 G. W. Bush 50 Elena Kagan 2010 Obama 50 Samuel A. Alito, Jr. 2006 G. W. Bush 55 Neil M. Gorsuch 2017 Trump 49 Brett M. Kavanaugh 2018 Trump 53 Sonia Sotomayor 2009 Obama 55 Clarence Thomas 1991 Bush 43 Ruth Bader Ginsburg 1993 Clinton 60 Stephen Breyer 1994 Clinton 56 * On June 20, 2018, Justice Anthony Kennedy, a crucial swing vote on the Supreme Court, announced his retirement effective July 31, 2018. Kennedy’s departure gave  President Trump the opportunity to appoint his second Supreme Court justice during just his first two years in office.   On July 9, 2018, President Trump nominated 53-year-old Brett M. Kavanaugh to replace Justice Kennedy on the Supreme Court. Appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit by President George W. Bush in 2003, Judge Kavanaugh is considered a conservative, thus setting up a probable Senate confirmation battle and possibly solidifying the court’s conservative majority for a generation. Though she recently announced her intention to serve through 2020, the now 85-year-old liberal-leaning Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg is expected to be the next justice to retire. In announcing Judge Kavanaugh’s nomination, President Trump described him as â€Å"one of the finest and sharpest legal minds in our time,† and declared him a jurist who would apply the Constitution â€Å"as written.† In accepting the nomination, Judge Kavanaugh, who once clerked for Justice Kennedy, promised that as a Supreme Court justice, he would â€Å"keep an open mind in every case.† But he also declared that judges â€Å"must interpret the law, not make the law.† On Saturday, October 6, 2018, the Senate voted along party lines 50-48 in favor of confirming the nomination. Later the same day, Brett M. Kavanaugh was sworn in as the 114th Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court by Chief Justice John Roberts in a private ceremony. A Brief History of the US Supreme Court or SCOTUS As the final and ultimate legal interpreter of the U.S. Constitution, the Supreme Court of the United States, or SCOTUS, is one of the most visible and often controversial organizations in the federal government. Through many of its landmark decisions, like banning prayer in public schools and legalizing abortion, the Supreme Court fueled many of the most passionately heated and ongoing debates in America’s history. The U.S. Supreme Court is established by Article III of the U.S. Constitution, which states, â€Å"[t]he judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.† Other than establishing it, the Constitution spells out no specific duties or powers of the Supreme Court or how it is to be organized. Instead, the Constitution empowers Congress and the Justices of the Court itself to develop the authorities and operations of the entire Judicial Branch of government. As the very first bill considered by the very first United States Senate, the Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the Supreme Court to consist of a Chief Justice and only five Associate Justices, and for the Court to hold its deliberations in the nation’s capital. The Judiciary Act of 1789 also provided a detailed plan for the lower federal court system merely alluded to in the Constitution as â€Å"such inferior† courts. For the first 101 years of the Supreme Court’s existence, the justices were required to â€Å"ride circuit,† holding court twice a year in each of the 13 judicial districts. Each of the then five justices was assigned to one of three geographical circuits and traveled to the designated meeting places within the districts of that circuit. The Act also created the position of U.S. Attorney General and assigned the power to nominate Supreme Court justices to the President of the United States with the approval of the Senate. The First Supreme Court Convenes The Supreme Court was first called to assemble on Feb. 1, 1790, in the Merchants Exchange Building in New York City, then the Nations Capital. The first Supreme Court was made up of: Chief Justice John Jay, from New York Associate Justices John Rutledge, from South CarolinaWilliam Cushing, from Massachusetts|James Wilson, from PennsylvaniaJohn Blair, from Virginia|James Iredell, from North Carolina Due to transportation problems, Chief Justice Jay had to postpone the first actual meeting of the Supreme Court until the next day, Feb. 2, 1790. The Supreme Court spent its first session organizing itself and determining its own powers and duties. The new Justices heard and decided their first actual case in 1792. Lacking any specific direction from the Constitution, the new U.S. Judiciary spent its first decade as the weakest of the three branches of government. Early federal courts failed to issue strong opinions or even take on controversial cases. The Supreme Court was not even sure if it had the power to consider the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress. This situation changed drastically in 1801 when President John Adams appointed John Marshall of Virginia to be the fourth Chief Justice. Confident that nobody would tell him not to, Marshall took clear and firm steps to define the role and powers of both the Supreme Court and the judiciary system. The Supreme Court, under John Marshall, defined itself with its historic 1803 decision in the case of Marbury v. Madison. In this single landmark case, the Supreme Court established its power to interpret the U.S. Constitution as the â€Å"law of the land† of the United States and to determine the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress and the state legislatures. John Marshall went on to serve as Chief Justice for a record 34 years, along with several Associate Justices who served for over 20 years. During his time on the bench, Marshall succeeded in molding the federal judicial system into what many consider to be todays most powerful branch of government. Before settling at nine in 1869, the number of Supreme Court Justices changed six times. In its entire history, the Supreme Court has had only 16 Chief Justices, and over 100 Associate Justices. Chief Justices of the Supreme Court Chief Justice Year Appointed** Appointed By John Jay 1789 Washington John Rutledge 1795 Washington Oliver Ellsworth 1796 Washington John Marshall 1801 John Adams Roger B. Taney 1836 Jackson Salmon P. Chase 1864 Lincoln Morrison R. Waite 1874 Grant Melville W. Fuller 1888 Cleveland Edward D. White 1910 Taft William H. Taft 1921 Harding Charles E. Hughes 1930 Hoover Harlan F. Stone 1941 F. Roosevelt Fred M. Vinson 1946 Truman Earl Warren 1953 Eisenhower Warren E. Burger 1969 Nixon William Rehnquist(Deceased) 1986 Reagan John G. Roberts 2005 G. W. Bush Supreme Court Justices are nominated by the President of the United States. The nomination must be approved by a majority vote of the Senate. The Justices serve until they retire, die or are impeached.  The average tenure for Justices is about 15 years, with a new Justice being appointed to the Court about every 22 months. Presidents appointing the most Supreme Court Justices include George Washington, with ten appointments and Franklin D. Roosevelt, who appointed eight Justices. The Constitution also provides that â€Å"[t]he Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.† While they have died and retired, no Supreme Court justice has ever been removed through impeachment. Contact the Supreme Court The individual justices of the Supreme Court do not have public email addresses or phone numbers. However, the court can be contacted by regular mail, telephone, and email as follows: U.S. Mail: Supreme Court of the United States1  First Street, NEWashington, DC 20543 Telephone: 202-479-3000TTY:202-479-3472(Available M-F 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Eastern) Other Helpful Telephone Numbers: Clerks Office: 202-479-3011Visitor Information Line: 202-479-3030Opinion Announcements: 202-479-3360 Court’s Public Information Office For time-sensitive or urgent questions please contact the Public Information Office at the following number: 202-479-3211, Reporters press 1 For general questions that are not time-sensitive, email: Public Information Office. Contact the Public Information Office by US Mail: Public Information OfficerSupreme Court of the United States1 First Street, NEWashington, DC 20543

Financial Globalisation Is The Cross Boarder Financial...

Financial globalisation is the cross-boarder financial flow through global linkages, which has become relevant in terms of emerging markets as they incorporate financially with the rest of the world. There are many central factors affecting financial integration namely; Trade openness, domestic financial development, economic development, country size, capital account restrictions, EU integration financial centres. The benefits of globalisation essentially arises from peoples standard of living in countries around the world. 2.2. Historical contemporary examples of financial globalisation: 2.2.1. Historical financial globalisation: Some of many important bodies that impacted included; the academic economists, the national policy making, academic economist, national policy making bodies as well as international Monetary fund (IMF). The International Monetary Fund have influenced the way in which numerous multilateral institutions works in the worldwide economic changes as a result of globalisation. In historic times the Classic Gold Standard (1870-1914) was known as the perfect monetary system that was ever created. During this course, national money and other forms of money such bank notes deposits were converted to gold at a fixed price. During the time of 1914-1944 the Interwar era occurred whereby, economic demands were made during the World War 1 to abandon the Gold standard and print large amounts of currency. As an example, in 1970 s the IMF changed when theShow MoreRelatedImpact of Fdi and Economic Growth19761 Words   |  80 Pages... 3.1.2 Korean economic performance after Asian Financial Crisis†¦ CHAPTER 3(B) An Overview of Nepalese Korean Economy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3.2.1 Foreign Trade pattern of Nepal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3.2.2 Foreign Trade and FDI policies in Nepal CHAPTER 4 Research Methodology 4.1 Conceptual Frame Work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4.2 Research Methodology and Model†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4.3 Data Collection and Data Sources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. CHAPTER 5 An Over View of Recent FDI flows in South Korea 5.1 FDI inflow trend in South Korea†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreArticle: Performance Appraisal and Performance Management35812 Words   |  144 Pagesshortcomings of performance appraisal system to the some extent. Keywords: Human resource (HR), HR development, performance appraisal, performance management, performance evaluation. I. INTRODUCTION Organizations are run and steered by people. It is through people that goals are set and objectives are realized. The performance of an organization is thus dependent upon the sum total of performance of its members. The success of an organization will therefore depend on its ability to measure accurately

Crisis in Libya free essay sample

Libya is considered the eighteenth largest oil exporter holding around 46. 4 billion barrels of oil reserves. Even though Libya exports mostly in Europe, there is a certain percentage that comes to the United States and certainly its political and economic situation affect the prices of oil and the U. S stock market as well. The latest situation in Egypt and other Middle East countries where anti-government protestors demanded that longtime dictators resign their positions have encouraged Libya to do the same; however, taking Libyan leader Muammar al-Qaddafi is taking more than expected.Libya is member of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) which is extremely concerned with Libya crisis since it holds the largest oil reserves. As to the situation in Libya is turning violent every time, in The United States the oil prices is going up excessively. â€Å"Libya is one of the world’s primary sources of the much-sought-after sweet crude, preferred by refineries† (Sheridan, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Crisis in Libya or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The demand for oil is very high, and Libya crisis makes the situation even tenser since it is unpredictable when its situation is going to be stable again. According to reports, most of the refineries in Libya have been shut down.The latest report in the price of a barrel of oil in the United States is near $109; in some states, the price of gasoline is already $4 a gallon. As this situation continues, the price of food and other goods will also increase unless Libya stabilizes the crisis and an agreement is given to solve this problem. Analysts are very concerned with the rising of the oil prices, and the uncertainty panics certain investors as well. The United States is still recovering for the downturn occurred in 2008 when market collapsed and investments were all going down in the stock market.The recent earthquake occurred in Japan is also affecting the stock market. The stock market is very sensitive to changes and has no control over external forces and situations. â€Å"U. S stock fells, sending the Standard Poor’s 500 Index lower a third time in four days, as escalating violence in Libya tempered optimism that the biggest equity rally since 1955 will extend into a third year† (Nazareth Haigh, 2011). In addition, Nasdaq composite Index, and 27 of the 30 components of the Dow Jones are declining making a long list of red numbers at the end of the day.

Training and development free essay sample

Questions 1. Define Values. Critically evaluate â€Å"Allport-Vernon† classification of values. How values affect the Business processes. 2. What are the various approaches to study OB. Is OB integrative science. Write critically the contribution of Max Weber. 3. Define leadership. â€Å"Effectiveness of leaders depend on how their leadership style inter-relates with situation in which they operate†. Explain the various leadership styles and types of interaction with suitable examples. 4. Define motivation. Critically evaluate contribution of McGregor to motivation. ISTD DIPLOMA IN TRAINING DEVELOPMENT PAPER:I ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR Max Marks 10 RESPONSE SHEET NO. 2 Points to Remember: (i) Write legibly or type your answers on A-4 size sheets. (ii) Your answer to a question should consist of not more than 500 words (iii) Write your Registration No. Name, Paper No. , and Response Sheet No. Question No. at the top of each sheet. (iv) Self-addressed and sufficient postal stamped envelop of 8† x 10† size must be sent along with response sheets – for each paper separately. We will write a custom essay sample on Training and development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (v) Answer any two questions.   Questions 1. Define learning . Compare and contrast conditioned and instrumental learning. Give an examples of how a particular behaviour is learned and modified in organisation. 2. Define attitude. How attitude is formed in an organization? How attitude could be changed in an organization? 3. What is meant by group. â€Å"The balance theory of Theodre Newcomb is a comprehensive theory of group formation†. Explain. 4. Define communication. What are the barriers of communication. Training and Development free essay sample A company is only as good as it’s employee’s are. All employers rely on their employees to help them grow and become better and they expect their employees to produce great work, but if you don’t properly train and help develop your employees why would you expect great work out of them in return? That is why it’s important for companies to invest in solid training and development programs for their employees.Employer’s find training and development programs expensive, and that’s why a lot of companies don’t invest in them. Along with employer’s thinking that these programs are too expensive, they are also afraid that if they spend the time, money, and resources putting their employee’s through these expensive programs that after the employee has completed them they will leave. They think other companies will offer the employee more money because they won’t have to put them through another training program. We will write a custom essay sample on Training and Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It’s been proven that employees who receive poor job training leave their position within the first year. With poor employee turnover, the company will lose more money than they would if they invested in some sort of training program. When you have a high turnover rate with all of your employees making the same mistakes it’s time to look into a good training program. Every employee has some kind of weakness in their skills at work. A training program will strengthen those weaknesses in your employees. A development program brings all employees who go through the program to a higher level and they will all have similar knowledge and skill sets. By investing in these programs it will help to strengthen employees so they don’t rely on others to complete basic work functions.Employees who receive adequate training are able to perform in their job. Training will give the employee a better understanding of what they need to do to perform well in their job, and that, in turn, will build the employees confidence and they will do so much better at work. Training and development expand the knowledge base of all employees. Productivity will also increase because effective training makes employees feel valued and empowered. A study by The National Center on the Education Quality of the workers supports this with its finding that a 10% increase in education development produced an 8.6 gain in productivity.A structured training and development program ensures that all employees have a consistent experience and background knowledge.